Postman Rant or Reason Essay - 1694 Words

Postman: Rant or Reason? In his novel, Amusing Ourselves to Death, author Neil Postman describes to the reader, in detail, the immediate and future dangers of television. The arguement starts out in a logical manner, explaining first the differences between todays media-driven society, and yesterdays typographic America. Postman goes on to discuss in the second half of his book the effects of todays media, politics on television, religion on television, and finally televised educational programs. All, he says, are making a detrimental imprint on our society, its values, and its standards. Postman explains that the media consists of fragment[s] of news (100), and politics are merely a fashion show. Although Postmans arguments†¦show more content†¦Each one flings bring colors at us for 45 seconds before the subject switches to a new topic. A society raised on such a format simply cannot endure lengthy debates or speeches. They seem neither exciting nor entertaining to us. Postman also explains that i n response to this switch in desired format, politicians and presidents have adjusted their means of communication as well. It is hard to imagine the present occupant of the White House being capable of constructing such clauses in similar circumstances. (Postman addressing a very lengthy and inticrate live rebuttal made by Lincoln in response to one of Douglas statements, 46) Todays politicians know that in order to reach audiences, their statements need to be short and sweet. Unfortunately this sort of information shortening is not the only weakness which plagues televisions functionality as a means of communication. To sum up Postmans views about news media on television, one can simply call it a joke. The now this format of news media works in an identical fashion to the previously described commercials. Viewers are rarely required to carry over any thought or feeling from one parcel of time to another. (100) Here again, Postman is right on the money when he describes the shortcomings of todays television news. The news show begins with exciting music and professional-looking visuals which set the mood for the show. One cant help but feel a boost of importance. It is as though theShow MoreRelatedAnswers about The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald3327 Words   |  13 Pagesoverconfident. This thought process reveals what East Egg Society is really like; a society deluding themselves to be superior due to their sophistication in science and arts and holding contempt for those who are not alike or do not possess wealth. Another reason why he may appear to be depressed is to Daisy calling him a â€Å"hulkling†, which he is extremely sensitive to, likely because he does not want anyone to realize that his most powerful booster of his self-esteem is his physique. It is evident that his

Analysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness - 1504 Words

Malia Dustin Mrs. Atkins Ap Lit P.5 28 October 2015 Ivory: Power in Possession Power is the possession of control over others and can be found in both people and objects. In Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness the main character and narrator Marlow identifies a force within ivory that conveys a sense power within the enigmatic Mr. Kurtz. The African ivory trade was flourishing in the early 1900’s. Obtaining the precious object transformed some into greedy connoisseurs with endless intentions to get their hands on all of the continents ivory. Conrad shows that the power that is emitted from the ivory falls into the hands of Kurtz causing him to slowly go mad over the impossibility of collecting it all for himself. In the novella Conrad draws connections between power and obsession through the discovery of ivory. It’s notable that he mentions the mining of ivory throughout the novella which makes it a recurring theme. Conrad’s mysterious character Kurtz is enthralled with the ivory that he finds to the point wh ere he starts harvesting for his own personal use. The novella doesn’t specify why he takes this for himself but it does state that Kurtz felt as if everything belonged to him, including the ivory. Marlow hears stories from numerous Kurtz enthusiasts regarding his obsession with ownership saying â€Å"You should have heard him say, ‘My ivory.’ Oh yes I heard him ‘My intended, my ivory, my station, my river† (pg. 44). With this information the reader feels a sense ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s The Heart Of Darkness 1801 Words   |  8 PagesAlly Jones Professor Smith English 1302 November 18, 2014 Female Roles in Joseph Conrad s the Heart of Darkness: In regards to Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, many literature reviews focus on the motifs of Imperialism, the symbolism of darkness and fog, or the aspect of racism in Conrad’s work. During the era which Conrad wrote, England was going through the Victorian Era, which was marked by a shift in views on morality. The term â€Å"Victorian morality† is used today to describe values whichRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness 1713 Words   |  7 PagesMonth: January 2014 Name: Faris Khan Period: 3 Title: Heart of Darkness Author: Joseph Conrad Date started/date completed: 1/19 - 1/28 Pages read: 96/96 (Including the ten page introduction, 106/96) Rating of book (1-10): 9/10 Above you rated this book. Explain in detail why you gave this book that score: Author Joseph Conrad uses a very interesting method of narration in his novel, Heart of Darkness. The novel itself is written in first person, from the perspective of an unnamed sailor aboardRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness 1396 Words   |  6 PagesShelly Pyakurel Ellen Stockstill English 4 DC 27 April 2015 Research Paper Heart of Darkness is a novel by Joseph Conrad that centers on Marlow, a man who goes to the Congo for a job opportunity. He meets a man named Kurtz, who is well known by many. Once he gets to the Congo, he sees colonialism first-hand. He sees that the natives of the country were practically enslaved and forced to work under very harsh conditions. The two major characters of the novel are Marlow and Kurtz. There are many minorRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1552 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowers. Historically, people have been socialized to accept and adhere to these stereotypes. Women have an important role in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. Women are used in this novella reflect an important aspect of culture: sexism. Heart of Darkness was originally published in 1898, a period where women were facing especially harsh discrimination. Conrad’s Heart of Darkness tells the story of Marlow, an experienced sea captain, who is setting out on a mission to rescue Kurtz, an intelligent butRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1555 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough the author Joseph Conrad never met the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who died more than a century before Conrad’s birth, their distinct philosophies still have numerous points of intersection, suggesting some fundamental truths within the structure of the human reality. Through the novella, Heart of Darkness, Conrad details his perspectives on the faults of man and reality as a whole, with views often coinciding with many of Leibniz’s own, as found in his numerous philosophicalRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness963 Words   |  4 Pagespeople. Heart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad, can be criticised through many different lenses. Though Natives are a large part of Conrad’s narrative of E uropean atrocities in the Congo, his treatment of Congolese Natives throughout the book show them to be nothing more than props. Conrad skews Natives language, culture and intelligence to fit Europeans schema for Africa and Africans. Conrad’s Heart of Darkness is placed in a colonized Congo. ...despite Heart of Darkness s (Joseph Conrad) obviousRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1080 Words   |  5 Pages1 Kathrine Carrasquillo Dr. David Mulry Engl 2112 Feb 13, 2017 Who is Mr. Kurtz, and what does Conrad use him for? Mr. Kurtz is the main character in Joseph Conrad s English novella, Heart of Darkness. There is no proof that Mr. Kurtz is based on a real person, so it is assumed that he is a made up character. When Mr. Kurtz is first introduced the audience learns that he is a Belgian ivory trader and he was sent to Africa by his employer for work. At first glance, Mr. Kurtz just represents a normalRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1233 Words   |  5 PagesImperialism has often been described as a light, a method to guide the uncivilized. However in Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad sheds true light on the subject. In the novel, Conrad exposes the situation in Congo during the era of Imperialism for the Europeans. Conrad reveals the exploitation of the natives through a tale of Marlow, an introspective sailor, and his nightmarish journey up the Congo River to meet a reputable European trader, Kurtz. As the life of the great Kurtz comes to a close, theRead MoreAnalysis Of Josep h Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1250 Words   |  5 Pages Written in 1902, Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness follows the character Marlow in his journey up the Congo River to find the mysterious Kurtz, an ivory trader. In the story, Conrad explores the issues of colonialism and imperialism. The Company has enslaved native Congolese to help them mine for ivory and rubber in the area. The Congolese experience brutal working conditions as the company profits off their free labor. Racism is evident throughout the story with Marlow calling the blacks â€Å"savages†Read MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness 2026 Words   |  9 Pages Ryan Li 7/22/17 AP Lit/Comp Summer Reading Heart of Darkness Heart of Darkness is written by Joseph Conrad and published in 1899. It is a novella written in the early modernism literary period. Joseph Conrad was born as Jà ³zef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski on December three 1857 in Berdichev, Ukraine to Polish parents. He was raised and educated in Poland. After his career is the seafarer in the French and British merchant Marines, he wrote short stories which he used his experiences

The Artist Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre

Question: Write about an Essay on Louis Daguerre. Answer: Introduction Louis Jacques Mand Daguerre was a photographer and an artist who was born in the French region of Cormeilles-en-Parisis, Val-dOise. He was born on November 18, in the year 1787. At the tender age of sixteen, he started working with the creator of stage settings in Paris Opera, I.E.M Degotti. He then continued his apprenticeship with Pierre Prevost, who was a specialist of panoramas. He became proficient at his skill of theatrical illusion. Daguerre later invented the diorama, which became hugely popular. Robinson (2016), in his paper says that after the death of Nicphore Nipce, with whom he had collaborated, he continued to experiment with a camera, which resulted in the invention of the process that later came to be known as daguerreotype. Pinson (2012) says that Daguerreotype was the process of photography in which a permanent photograph was obtained by using mercury vapor and an iodine-sensitized silvered plate. This type of photograph had a special characteristic: the viewer, who is observing the photograph, seems to observe that the photograph is floating on the metal surface rather than being flat. The illusion of reality is the uniqueness of the process. The image sits on a silver surface which is mirror-like. It is kept under glass and appears either positive or negative, depending upon the angle from which it is seen. The darkest area of the image appears to be bare silver and the lighter areas have a texture, which is light scattering. The surface of this type of photograph is very delicate and can be easily damaged by the lightest of touch. This essay discusses the immensely popular and significant photographer Louis Daguerre, his work and contribution to the world of photography. It speaks about the social, cultural, technical and aesthetic context of his work before moving on to discussing two of his works. Arnason (2013) opined that Louis Daguerre fathered the type of photography that later went on to become one of the widely used and popular form of photography daguerreotype. This type of image was first used in the year 1839, in the month of January. The process involved polishing a sheet of copper that was silver-plated to a mirror like finish and then treating it with fumes, which made the surface sensitive to light with the help of a liquid chemical treatment. A photograph that was developed using the daguerreotype process was different. When viewing this type of photograph, it gave the illusion of realism. It seemed that the image is floating in space. Louis Daguerre, in the year 1821, collaborated with Charles Bouton with the aim of creating a diorama theatre. Having expertise in scenic effects and lighting, Daguerre earned a name in set designing soon after. The first diorama theatre was built in Paris. According to Pinson (2012), Daguerre aimed to create a realistic illusion for the audience of the theatre. He wanted that the audiences should not just be entertained but also mesmerized. The theatres were glorious in size. The set had large transparent canvas that was painted on both the sides. These paintings were detailed and vibrant and were lit from different angles. With the change of lights, the scene would also change. Because of the change of lights, the audiences were able to see the painting on the other side of the canvas. This effect left the audience enraptured. The diorama was later used for a very long time for the set of theatres. The image type that he invented, the daguerreotype was also to later become the most widely form of photography process to be used. Nunberg (2015) commented that neither Daguerres microscopic nor his telescopic daguerreotypes survive, as on March 8, 1839, the Dioramaand with it Daguerres laboratoryburned to the ground, destroying the inventors written records and the bulk of his early experimental works. In fact, fewer than twenty-five securely attributed photographs by Daguerre survivea mere handful of still life, Parisian views, and portraits from the dawn of photography. The contribution of Louis Daguerre without a sliver of a doubt is immense in the field of photography and theatre. The process of photography, known as daguerreotype, was used almost everywhere in the world. There was a frequent use of this type of photography in newspapers. His invention was widely acclaimed and sought after. Sekula (2014) emphasized that the daguerreotype spread all throughout the world after its invention and presentation by Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre. Originating in Europe, the daguerreotype gained massive popularity in the United States especially in New York City. Exposed in a camera obscura and developed with mercury vapors, the photographs were immensely popular. The technology of the process of daguerreotype became hugely popular with the editors of the newspapers of that era. A private demonstration of the process made by Daguerre himself to some newspaper editors was reported. He also gave public demonstrations of his process. Although immensely popular, the process had three negative aspects. They are 1. Extended exposures, precluding the use of the new art for practical portraiture, 2. The image was fragile after it was ready and 3. Although the image was not colored, there appeared a shade of tones. The development of daguerreotype photography is supported by a variety of success and failure stories like any other invention. In their paper Gendler and GaBany (2015) say that the technical detail of this process of photography is very interesting. The method that was followed to obtain the photograph is as follows: a copper plate was first polished very well, then fumed with silver iodide. After that it was put into a camera obscura and then exposed. Then it was taken out and the put into a box with mercury vapors in it that came after heating mercury. Then it was placed in to a solution and before placing into a special box so that no air comes in. Louis Daguerre and his contribution to the world of photography is unequivocal. The aesthetic value of this type of photography is indeed very high. The look of this type of photography has an unique feel to the viewer. To the viewer it seemed that the photograph is floating rather than being flat. This type of photography undoubtedly is one of the earliest and most widely used form of photography. Although many refined type of photography style developed later , this remained the most commonly used and popular for a long period of time. Boulevard du Temple by Louis Daguerre Source: (Khan Academy, 2017) The above given photograph is one of the earliest photographs that was taken - Boulevard du Temple. This was taken by the famous pioneer of photography, Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre in the year 1838 or 1839. The photograph captured the image of two persons a customer getting his shoe polished by a shoe polisher. The image portrays an apparently empty street in Paris. The image was recorded on a copper sheet that was coated with silver and later developed with mercury fumes. This photograph captured the image of one of the busiest avenues of Paris. According to Bellis (2013), the exposure used for this photograph was of 10 to 15 minutes. Therefore, the other individuals who were not stationary did not get captured in this photo. The length of exposure was such that anything lesser than few minutes would not get registered in the frame. These two individuals are aesthetically placed, close to the classical compositional thirds position. According to Sekula (2014), this image was an im provement from Niepces photograph, View from the Window at Gras, which was indistinct and grainy as it required about eight hours of exposure to capture the image. This photograph was taken by Daguerre from his Diorama Building where it intersected with the Rue des Marais. One of the earliest daguerreotypes, this image is the earliest surviving photograph showing a person. The Artists Studio by Louis Daguerre Source: (Khan Academy, 2017) This photograph, titled The Artists Studio or Still life in studio is one of the earliest photographs taken by the eminent photographer, Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre. This photograph dates back to the year 1837. It is a set up that was well arranged with deliberate artistic intent. The image includes a relief after Jean Goujon. The function was to hone the focusing technology of the daguerreotype. In this photograph, the most interesting subjects are not centred but slightly tilted. The diagonals in the picture attract the eyes of the viewer to the centre of the photograph with the edges being fuzzy. This is one of the most acclaimed works of Louis Daguerre. The dark areas of the image indicate the absence of light whereas the lighter areas denote the areas where there is an interplay between light and darkness. According to Arnason (2013), the contrast between light and darkness presents an interesting texture of the photograph. The relief created by shadows is indeed extremely inte resting to observe. This image too was obtained using the technique of daguerreotype. The image was taken on a copper sheet that was enveloped with a thin plate of silver. It was then polished and cleaned thoroughly. The plate was later suspended over iodine which led to a formation of silver iodide on the surface which was sensitive to light. This was then exposed to light in a camera which was lens-equipped for about anywhere etween thirty minutes to less than a second. The plate was then hung again over a heated dish of mercury. After this stage, the image magically appeared on the surface of the plate with a range of tones visible. The contribution of Louis Daguerre in the world of photography is unequivocal. His gift to the world of photography is without a doubt, immense. This invention of this pioneer personality paved the path to modern day photography. Nowadays, we cannot even imagine a world that is without photographs and images. He took one of the earliest photographs. Photography has come a long way since the days of plate polishing to the modern day digital camera. However, without his invention, we could not have enjoyed the development in the world of photography that we enjoy today. References: Arnason, H.H. and Mansfield, E., 2013.History of modern art: painting, sculpture, architecture, photography. Pearson. Bellis, M., 2013. History of photographyPinhole cameras to the daguerreotype.About. com. Bhattacharjee, G., Painting with Light. Gendler, R. and GaBany, R.J., 2015. A Series of Firsts, from Daguerreotypes to Dry Plates. InBreakthrough!(pp. 15-30). Springer International Publishing. Harbord, J., 2014. Gesture, Time, Movement: David Claerbout Meets Giorgio Agamben on the Boulevard du Temple. Khan Academy. (2017). Khan Academy. [online] Available at: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/becoming-modern/early-photography/a/daguerre-paris-boulevard [Accessed 13 Jan. 2017]. Nunberg, G., 2013. The Impact of Photography.Agenda,3, p.13. Pinson, S.C., 2012. Speculating Daguerre: art and enterprise in the work of LJM Daguerre. Robinson, A., 2016. Candid camera.Science,352(6291), pp.1284-1284. Sekula, A., 2014. An eternal esthetics of laborious gestures.Grey Room, (55), pp.16-27. Khan Academy. (2017). Khan Academy. [online] Available at: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/becoming-modern/early-photography/a/early-photography-nipce-talbot-and-muybridge [Accessed 13 Jan. 2017].

The At free essay sample

A ; T Restructuring Of 1995 Essay, Research Paper Wednesday, September 20, 1995, AT A ; T Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Robert E. Allen announced programs for a strategic restructuring that would divide AT A ; T into three publically traded planetary companies. Robert E. Allen said, # 8220 ; The company was taking this bold measure to capitalise on the chances in each concern # 8217 ; section of the planetary information industry # 8212 ; communications services, communications equipment, and transaction-intensive computing. # 8221 ; Under the program, a 4th concern # 8212 ; AT A ; T Capital Corporation # 8212 ; would be sold, and AT A ; T stockholders would keep portions in each of the three staying companies. # 8220 ; Changes in client demands, engineering and public policy are radically transforming our industry, # 8221 ; said Robert E. Allen. # 8220 ; We now see this restructuring as the following logical bend in AT A ; T # 8217 ; s journey since divestiture. It will do AT A ; T # 8217 ; s concerns more v aluable to our stockholders, even more responsively to their clients, and better able to concentrate on the growing chances in their single markets. We will write a custom essay sample on The At or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page # 8221 ; A focal point of one of the new companies will be to supply the best communications and information services worldwide. The services company, runing under the familiar # 8220 ; AT A ; T # 8221 ; trade name name, would dwell of AT A ; T # 8217 ; s current Communications Services Group, the AT A ; T Universal card Services Corporation, the freshly established AT A ; T Solutions consulting and systems-integration organisation, and AT A ; T Wireless Services. The services company plans to make an AT A ; T Laboratories unit around the nucleus of the Bell Laboratories. # 8220 ; AT A ; T # 8217 ; s merchandises and systems concerns, along with the world-renowned Bell Laboratories, would represent a communications systems and engineering company that would instantly be the planetary leader in its industry, # 8221 ; said Robert E. Allen. The communications equipment company would include AT A ; T # 8217 ; s Network Systems Group, Global Business Communications Systems, Consumer Products, AT A ; T Paradyne and Microelectronics. The new company named Lucent Technologies, would be a powerful rival in the aggressive communications systems market. Henry B. Schacht was designated Lucent Technologies Chief Executive Officer. The company # 8217 ; s computing machine unit AT A ; T Global Information Solutions ( GIS ) , would be established as an independent company by whirling it off to AT A ; T Shareowners. # 8220 ; Our services and systems concerns are at the intersection of enormous alteration and chance, # 8221 ; said Allen. # 8220 ; This restructuring ensures that each can follow the way of greatest chance without worrying about knocking into each other along the way. # 8221 ; Lars Nyberg was announced Chief Executive Officer for NCR, once known as GIS, the new computing machine company. Allen believes Nyberg to be the right leader to acquire the computing machine concern back on path. Nyberg is taking action to make a smaller, more focussed and more rapid business. NCR will continue to develop, manufacture, and market computer platforms for any industry, however, it will focus on the three key industry segments where it has a leading position — financial, retail, and communications. As a major part of its turnaround, NCR will halt the manufacturing of personal computers. It will continue to support and service all its current hardware and software installations and will market its service capabilities to all industries. NCR, which currently employs 43,000 people in more than 120 countries, announced a major cost-cutting initiative that will lead to the termination of approximately 8,500 jobs. ATT will incur a pre-tax charge of approximately 1.5 billion dollars against third quarter earnings to cover the costs of the NCR restructuring. This reduces the 1995 earnings by 1 billion dollars, or 66 cents per share. ATT plans to sell its remaining shares of ATT Capital Corporation to the general public or another comp any. It holds 80 percent of Capital Corporation’s shares, having only sold a minority of the shares to the general public in 1993. ATT Capital Corporation is one of the largest equipment leasing and financing companies in the United States. It had revenues of approximately 1.4 billion dollars in 1994. Proceeds from the sale of ATT Capital Corporation and from the Initial public offering of the new equipment company will be used to repay current ATT debt and giving excess to each of the new businesses. The company plans to adjust each business’ capital structure to ensure that it has the flexibility to raise resources, as it needs them. ATT said that each of the businesses it is establishing will have everything it needs to meet its customers’ needs. Each of the new companies already has experienced management and a productive work force. The service, equipment and computer businesses each has the sophisticated systems-integration capabilities necessary to provid e complete solutions to its set of customers. And, where it makes sense to partner in serving a customer’s needs, the new businesses could establish commercial relationships with each other. ATT, which currently has 303,000 employees, said it cannot estimate the exact employment impact of the planned restructuring. All three of the companies will need additional resources to establish themselves as freestanding independent companies; however, each company participates in a highly competitive market and will need to continue to size its operations as efficiently as possible. ATT said that it is highly likely that the new companies combined will not have as many employees as the present ATT. The company set up a plan that will ensure that any employees dislocated by the restructuring will have access to job opportunities across the total corporation, as well as to a full range of assistance, ranging from job counseling to retraining.

Written by Scripps for the School Magazine free essay sample

Newspaper Article- Written by Scripps for the school magazine. Outstanding! Our Oxbridge Boys Elevate The School! So how can you do the same? So it’s final! Congratulations! The boys of Cutlers’ Grammar school have finally made their headmaster the happiest man in Sheffield after eight of Cutlers’ most influential students make the grade and earn themselves a place at Oxbridge. They are the first of their kind in the history of the school and are they proud? The answer lies firmly with the pleased-as-punch headmaster. For now, the school sits securely at the top of the league tables, right where it was intended to be. An outstanding performance all round has seen an 100% success rate of all of Mr Hector, Mr Irwin’s and Mrs Lintott’s students furthering their education and getting themselves into University. Even the unlikeliest of boys made the grade. So how did they achieve such a difficult challenge set to them by the school? Was luck on their side? Maybe the pressure from both teachers and other students is to blame. We will write a custom essay sample on Written by Scripps for the School Magazine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page How about the boy’s intelligence itself? Or maybe even God. Whatever the answer is, it’s clear that the boy’s entry into Oxbridge for the first time in all of Cutlers’ history should not just be a one off. Education itself is like a religion. You only get out what you put in. It’s fair to say that some take it seriously, while others don’t. The pressure to succeed is enough to make you rebel and the influences along the way are bound to affect the choices and decisions you take along the way. The teachers themselves are committed to the students, desperately trying to make their education worthwhile†¦. or are they? The teachers of the school play a vital part in the development and contribution an individual student makes to the school. Mr Hector, the boy’s English teacher has a very controversial attitude towards teaching. It is very much a cultural learning experience. Deemed inappropriate by some, it is clear that whatever Hector equips these boys with, certainly works. Mr Hector is adamant on teaching the boy’s life skills, which they can take with them beyond university. He acts as more of a tour guide, if you will, into the unknown world that exists beyond education. Certainly being able to quote poetry and speak fluent French is something to be proud of, but will this help you get into university? It makes us ask the question: What is better for the boys: thoughtfulness or intelligence? Hector isn’t against the intelligence the boys possess, just that is be used in an appropriate way and not so structured. Learn from the wise Mr Hector a life beyond grades and the syllabus. In contrast to this, we introduce the ever modern Mr Irwin. Now the youngest teacher of the school, Irwin was bought in to coach the students for the entrance exams and encourages them to see a different angle to education. Making the boys think outside the box is the key here, but with the upmost of tactics. Liberal in his interpretations, Irwin encourages the boys to look at their work in a provocative way. Not overly encouraging or tactile as a teacher himself, Irwin’s confusing and sometimes frustrating methods really encourage the boys to think. Having been through the same process as the boys barely years before sees him as the most likely to sympathise with the boys. Differing greatly to Hector, Irwin has a set purpose and structure about him. Whilst both startling and thought provoking teaching methods links the teachers; they couldn’t be more different if they tried. It is important the gain knowledge from Irwin and life lessons from Hector in order to be successful into Oxbridge and indeed into life. So where do they get the cold hard facts from? How do the boys actually learn the subject in hand, without being controversial? The answer lies in Mrs Lintott, the most competent teacher; the boys A-Level History grades reflect this. Always to the point, her lessons do exactly what is asked of them. Immensely structured and ridged, the boys learn nothing but what is asked of them. No need to be elaborate or thought provoking, Mrs Lintott teaches the boys what they need and sees no reason to be otherwise. In contrast to both Irwin and Hector, Mrs Lintott holds her own and needs no bells or whistles to do so, the real foundation of learning. As the new students start the new term with a team of varied teaching styles behind them, what could go wrong? There is something for everyone at Cutlers school for boys. However, when all is said and done, the new boys cannot rely on the teachers to mould them into the people they become, nor can they give them the desire to achieve. The new boys must possess a desire to do well, whatever the teachers say or do. There are a certain number of recommendations for a boy to enter Oxbridge: by being intelligent, impressionable, religious, musically gifted or sporty. It’s best to try and be at least three of those things in order to glean whether or not you are an Oxbridge candidate. Whatever your religion, or aspiration is, focus on what you believe in and it will all become suitable in the end. Always have a goal, a point in which you want to reach. Decide what is important to you and build on that. Success is just a word, until you make it a reality. Individually, the boys least likely to fail are the ones who absorb all that is given to them. Is there any chance the new boys could achieve the same amount of success?

Frictional Forces are Surface dependant Essay Example

Frictional Forces are Surface dependant Essay Example Frictional Forces are Surface dependant Essay Frictional Forces are Surface dependant Essay We were given a coursework question asking us to prove that Frictional Forces are Surface dependant. We were asked to prove this. I have therefore thought of several ways to do so; I thought of throwing different objects across different surfaces. I thought of using an elastic band to throw a block of wood, 4.5cm X 4.5cm x 4.5cm, across a certain surface with a certain length; 1.25 metres. I thought of making the surface as my independent variable and the block of wood as my dependant variable. I also thought of performing the above procedure but instead of using different types of surfaces, I thought I would use several types of blocks of different material, but all of the same weight. And using the rubber band, throw it across a surface of ceramic. : I have decided to merge the two ideas, and came up with the following idea and procedure; My idea was that I could use two 5cm x 5cm x 5cm blocks, one of wood, and the second of plastic foam. I intend to try them on several different types of surface; wood, ceramic, marble, carpet (with a certain thickness which I shall state later on), and glass. All of which are 1.00metres (100cm) in length. I intend to use the surfaces as my independent variables, and the blocks as my dependant variables. I intend to prove that the type of surface, makes a lot of difference in the velocity (speed) of the block, and that due to friction and the surface, the distance covered, and the time consumed change according to the type of surface, and whether it has a high frictional surface or a low frictional surface? My procedure: I thought that I would implement my idea so as to prove the relationship between the contact surface, and the frictional force. Firstly, I would like to refer to the information that I have gathered so as to enable me to place a procedure that is correct and which I guarantee that it will provide me with some reliable results. Friction is the property that objects have which makes them resist being moved across one another. If two objects are placed one on top of the other, the top object can be lifted without any resistance except that of gravity. But if one object is pushed or pulled along the surface of the other, there is a resistance caused by friction. Friction has many important uses; it makes the wheels of a locomotive grip the rails of the track. It allows a conveyor belt to turn on the pulleys without slipping. Without friction, we would not have been able to walk on the pavement; we would have kept on slipping! Thats why it is hard to walk on ice; it produces friction that is less than the pavement, and therefore causes us our shoes to slip. Friction also has disadvantages; it produces heat which causes objects to wear; have you ever looked at the soles of shoes which you have been wearing for 2 years, and the soles of brand new shoes? Observe the difference! Several layers of your shoes soles have worn away due to the friction of the shoes on the pavement, this is why lubricating oils are used to fill in the gaps between moving machinery parts. There are three main kinds of friction: Sliding or kinetic friction; this is produced when two surfaces slide across each other, like when a book moves across a table. There is also rolling friction, which is the resistance produced when a rolling body moves over a surface. E.g.: the friction between a car tyre and the street is rolling friction. Fluid Friction/ Viscosity are the third type of friction. It is the friction between moving fluids or between a fluid and a solid. Thinner fluids have less viscosity than thicker fluids, and usually flow faster. E.G: erosion of rocks in the rivers by running water. The law of friction: The basic law of friction states that the force needed to overcome friction is proportional to the total perpendicular force pressing one surface against the other. E.g.: when the weight of a box being pulled across the floor is doubled, the force pulling the box must be doubled. The ratio between the weight being pulled/pushed, and the force required is called the coefficient of friction. The value of the C.F depends on the type of surfaces moving against each other. Friction: Friction is the resistance that a moving object meets when it is in contact with another object. It is a force that converts a moving objects kinetic energy (energy of motion) into other forms of energy, such as heat and sound. This process slows the object down. Friction can be reduced for example, by lubricating the surfaces of the two objects in contact. Friction can be useful, too. It is the force that makes a cars brakes work. E.G.: When a match is struck, friction provides the heat that causes phosphorus in the match head to ignite. Coefficient of Friction: The coefficient of static friction is a measure of how much force must be applied to an object to overcome friction and set it moving across the surface of another object. It varies for different pairs of objects. The coefficient of kinetic friction describes how much force must be applied to overcome friction between the two objects once one of them is in motion. Theory Suppose you place a book on a rough desktop. The weight of the book produces an equal and opposite reaction force; R from the surface. The force you need to apply to make the book begin to slide is independent of its area of contact with the surface but is proportional to R. The force you need to apply is related to the weight of the book (equal to R) by the coefficient of static friction, symbol ?. If you try to push the book sideways with a force that is less than ?R, it is cancelled out by a corresponding frictional force, and the book does not move. As you increase the force, the frictional force increases too. The frictional force will continue to increase as a reaction to you pushing the book until it reaches ?R, which is the limit of static friction. If you increase the force beyond this limit, the book starts to move across the surface. The value of the coefficient ? is determined by the two adjacent surfaces and is not a strict constant. Its value varies from about 0.15 to 0.6 for most dry and fairly smooth surfaces. It depends only on the nature of the two bodies, and not (as might be supposed) on the area of contact between them. In other words, if you have two equally heavy books made from an identical material, you need to push just as hard to make them move, even if one book is large and thin (has a large cover) and the other is small and fat (has a small cover). Once an object is moving steadily across a surface, its movement is opposed by a kinetic friction force. This force has a value lower than the limiting force of static friction, meaning that a greater force is needed to start an object than to keep it moving. This is described by a coefficient of kinetic friction, which is always less than the coefficient of static friction for two objects. Formula Force needed to overcome friction (Fmax) = coefficient of static friction (?) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ force keeping body at rest (R). Since both forces are measured in Newton (N), the coefficient of static friction is simply a number with no units. Example A car of mass 1,000?kg has broken down on a road made of asphalt. If the driver has lost the keys and the brakes are locked on, what force is needed to push the car? The coefficient of static friction between rubber and asphalt is 0.60, and the acceleration due to gravity, g, can be taken to be 10?m?s?2. Solution The car resists any attempt to move it due to its weight, which is equal to its mass multiplied by the gravitational acceleration g. R = m à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ g = 1,000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10 = 10,000?N Fmax?=à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½?R Fmax?=?0.60?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½?10,000?N = 6,000?N A force of 6,000?newtons (N) is needed to push the car. Therefore, with reference to the information stated above, I have planned the following procedure and equipment: Apparatus: * 1 Block of wood with measurements 4.5cm X 4.5cm X 4.5cm (volume= 4.5cm3). (dependant Variable) * 1 Block of plastic foam, 4.5cm X 4.5cm X 4.5cm (volume = 4.5cm3). (dependant Variable) * 1.00metres of: ceramic, carpet (2mm thickness), carpet (7mm thickness), marble, wood, and glass. (independent Variables) * Stopwatch. * Tape-measure. * Elastic band (which reaches a length of 85cm when stretched). * Cello-tape. * Scissors. * A marker pen. * An electronic weighing scale. Procedure: 1. I will measure the sides of the cube to ensure that it is exactly 5cm3. 2. I will then measure 100 cm of each surface, and stick the cello-tape across the length of each. 3. Using the marker pen, I will place a mark on the tape every 10cms. 4. Next, I will measure a distance of 5cm (equal to the size of the cube) from one end of the surface, and also on the side opposite to it; 5cms extra to the 100 of the surface, 15 extra on the right hand sides, and 5cm extra on the left hand side. This is the space I will place the cube in before catapulting it across the surface. 5. I will then measure the width of the tape, and stick the exact amount of the rubber band underneath it, one side of the rubber band at a distance of 10cms apart. 6. Then, using the rubber band that has been stuck to the surface, I will place the wooden block in between the rubber band, and pull the rubber band back (with the cube) to a distance of 15cm. (the 15cm I have added previously). 7. I will hold the stop watch in one hand, while holding the stretched rubber band and the wooden block in the other hand. As soon as I let go of the rubber band, I will start the stopwatch. 8. I will observe the block fly across the surface, and I will have my finger on the stop button in the watch, and thats to stop it once the block reaches the end of the surface, or if it stops in the middle of the surface. In which case I will take a reading of the distance covered and not down the time in my table. 9. I will repeat this experiment 3 times, and thats to guarantee the reliability of my results, and also to graph the average of my results which should be more accurate than just one trial. 10. I shall repeat the above procedure for the different types of surfaces and for the different cubes. * I intend to take some safety measures; I will place an extra piece of tape on top of the tape already holding the rubber-band in place, and that is to ensure that it will not fling out of place. I also intend to place two 1metre rulers on either side of the practical area, and thats to prevent the block of wood from flying off course. I also have several other rubber bands of the same thickness and length of the rubber band being used (from the same box), and thats in case the rubber band used breaks. I have also placed a piece of tape on the surface; marking the end of the 100 cm, and that is to enable me to see exactly when the block has passed the 100 cm, enabling me to stop the stop-watch in the right time, resulting in some reliable results. My theory: I believe that my plan shall be quite good and that it shall enable me to obtain sufficient results which are reliable. My theory is that the rougher the surface, the higher the friction, and consequently, the more time is consumed for the block to reach the markers. While the smoother the surface, the less the friction, and consequently, the less time is consumed. My Prediction: I predict that the marble shall prove a very good surface close to ice which will enable the block to shoot across it like a bullet fired from a gun, this is because the marble surface is quite smooth, and also quite slippery, which indicates a low level of frequency. Yet, I predict that the 7mm thick carpet and the wooden surface shall prove to have very high friction, and thus, the block shall not be able to cover the complete distance of 1.00metres on that surface, especially with the force applied. This is of course with reference to the data stated above. I have placed this plan according to a test we have previously observed regarding friction, as we have studied in class friction and its effect. This gave me the idea that I need an equal amount of force to push the block each time; and if I was to apply this force by hand, how could I guarantee that the force applied each time is equal? The test has to be fair! So I decided to follow the above procedure, using a rubber band which is stretched to a certain extent (15cm), this will guarantee that the force applied each time is equal. I have also thought of extending the length of the surfaces used to 2.0 meters, but after my preliminary test, I found that 1.00 metres are sufficient, and that they will enable me to prove my theory and prediction. I have modified my original version which I have followed in my preliminary test, and thats to guarantee the reliability of my results. MY PRELIMINARY TEST: I should have placed this test earlier, but I was unlucky enough to be unable to find a good place for it, so I thought that the best place for it would be here; at the end of my planning, and that is to link it with my observations and Obtaining. For my preliminary testing, I decided to try out a procedure which would enable me to obtain some reliable results; after deciding upon the investigation I intended to perform, I decided to use a rubber band to apply equivalent forces each time in my original investigation. I also decided to try out my preliminary using a block of wood with a volume of 4.5cm3. I decided to try my preliminary on ceramic as it was the easiest to start with; so I placed two 1 metre rulers at a distance of 10cm apart. I placed them both with their 0 ends towards my side, and the 100cm marker at the other end. I then stuck the two ends of the rubber band (25cm in length) one side at either ruler. I placed a piece of tape at the end of the surface, linking the two 100cm marks together and showing me the end of the 1 metre distance. I then measured out 15 cm from the 0cm markings, and placed a piece of tape in between the two rulers. I then placed a block of wood with volume 5cm3 in between the two arms of the rubber band, and pulled it with the rubber band to the extent of 15cm (until the marking), I then let them go, and the block of wood was catapulted towards the other end (towards the 1metre marking). I took a record of the time consumed, and found that it covered 60 cm and stopped. That took it a time of 0:32 sec. Therefore, according to this preliminary, I have decided upon using a distance of 1.0 metres; since the smoothest surface with the least friction (in my opinion) did not allow the block of wood to cover more than 60cm, I do not expect any of the other surfaces to provide a force which will be less than the force applied by the rubber-band. I have therefore drawn up the procedure stated above; this is because I believe it to be the best procedure I could follow, and implement the steps within. That is of course with reference to the safety measures I have taken, and also because I am familiar with most of the equipment, and could therefore tackle their side effects. I also hope that this procedure will enable me to gain the best results possible. The source of my idea: We have previously performed a semi-coursework which consisted of the following: we were required to prove that an object accelerates as it descends and gets closer to the ground due to the gravitational pull upon it. To do this, we were given a measuring cylinder full of 1liter of motor oil. We placed 10 markers which were equidistant (5cm3). We then dropped 10 ball bearings; one at a time. Each time, we started the stop watch as the ball started to descend, and stopped the watch at the next marker each time. E.g.: the first ball, the stop watch was stopped at the first marker. The second ball at the second marker, the third at the third markeretc. we then obtained the ball bearings by the aid of a powerful magnet, and repeated the investigation. We then averaged the time and graphed our results. Before performing the original investigation, I decided to perform a preliminary test which I have stated the results and consequences of previously. I then intended to perform the investigation, implementing the procedure I have drawn up for myself. I then found out that this procedure would not provide me with a fair test. So I decided to alter my plan slightly; instead of timing how long it took for the block to stop, I could count how long it took for the block to pass each marker (10cm). I would therefore have to decrease the amount of surfaces I intend to use to two (2). This is because I intend to make it a fair test, and also; to save me some time. Therefore, I will catapult the block 10 times, note down the time it took to reach each marker in turn. I started off by getting the tools and materials required and placing them in a small, neat pile on my work bench. In doing so, I found that the surfaces were not portable (mobile), and I would therefore have to go to each surface wherever it is. First of all, I started by cutting up 230cm of Cello-tape (aided by the 1meter ruler) and then splitting that into two equal pieces (strips); each strip with a length of 115cm. using the marker pen, I placed a mark on the tape every 10cm, (the 0 mark starts after 15cm); I intend to use only two surfaces; ceramic ; wood. This is to spare me some time to perform repeats and to compare the results using the two blocks. I will perform the experiment with the two blocks as stated in my primary plan. All that has changed is the method of recording time; instead of recording the time each block took to completely stop on each surface, I will measure the time taken for it each time to cover the distance between the markers; e.g.: in the first catapult, I shall stop the watch when the block passes the first marker indicating (10cm). In the second catapult, I will stop the watch when the block passes the 2nd marker, indicating 20cm, and so on, similar to my source of idea and procedure. I also found that the process was too time consuming, and I therefore decided to perform the investigation with only one block, the block of wood. After marking every 10cm on the tape, I decided to start with the ceramic surface, so I went to the ceramic surface and placed one of the two strips of tape along the length of one side of it. I then measured a distance of 20cm from the tape, and stuck down the second strip of tape; the two tapes are parallel with a distance of 10cm in between them. I then cut the rubber band from one side, which gave me a long strip of rubber. At the 0cm mark, I stuck one arm of the rubber; I then stuck the other arm at the opposite 0cm mark (one arm at each tape). I then placed the wooden block in the rubber bands Lap; between the two arms, and pulled them (the rubber band and the block). As soon as I let go, I pressed the start button on the watch. I then stopped the watch once the block had passed the 1st mark. I then repeated the procedure, but this time stopped the stop-watch as soon as the block passed the second marker. I kept on doing this, each time stopping the stopwatch at the next marker . After finishing doing so, I did my repeats, repeating this process all over again 3 times until I had got three readings for each marker. I then repeated the whole process, but this time, I did it with the wooden surface; I took the marked tape I had used in the previous experiment, did my measurements, and stuck everything down as I had done in the previous surface; marble. I then repeated the process as I have done in the previous surfaces. I have included below a table containing my results, and a full report regarding what actually happened: Surface: Marble WOOD Dist. Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 Average Time v =s/t Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 Average Time v =s/t (Sec.) (Sec.) (Sec.) (Sec.) V (Sec.) (Sec.) (Sec.) (Sec.) V 10 0.2 0.21 0.19 0.2 50 0.2 0.24 0.22 0.22 45 20 0.29 0.28 0.31 0.29 69 0.34 0.35 0.29 0.32 63 30 0.4 0.42 0.39 0.4 75 0.38 0.41 0.4 0.396 76 40 0.51 0.5 0.53 0.52 77 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.51 78.4 50 0.72 0.68 0.71 0.7 71 0.72 0.65 0.68 0.68 73.5 60 0.85 0.88 0.91 0.88 68 0.86 0.89 0.91 0.89 67.4 70 0.96 1.05 1.1 1.04 65 STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED 80 STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED 90 STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED 100 STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED STOPPED After observing the results I have obtained and placed in the above table, and with reference to my notes and annotations which I have produced during the investigation, I found that the block of wood, would only reach a certain distance, that is of course due to the thrust (force applied), but as I have followed my initial plan step by step, altering only what I have stated previously, I could not alter anything else or make any extra modifications. I was therefore stuck with the rubber band I had started with. As is noticeable; in the first table which is for the marble, the block stopped at the marker indicating 70cm, and did not proceed. While in the second table which is for the wooden surface, the block reached the mark which indicated 60cm, and did not proceed. This I shall analyse in the following section and state the reasons for. Unfortunately, this investigation was not easy; this is mainly because not every time I let go of the rubber band did the block reach the required mark, and before stating that the block stopped, I did and re-did the experiment to ensure that the block could not indeed reach that level (mark). Sometimes I would also let go of the rubber band before starting the stop-watch. I have therefore tried my best to obtain and use the most reliable results possible. I have followed my procedure step by step, and I have also used the equipment I am most familiar with, and thats to enable me to cope with and provide the best results attainable by the aid of this equipment. I hope that these results are sufficient, and that they will enable me to prove my theory and prediction. After performing my investigational experiments, and identifying the most obvious of the information and mistakes, I intend to proceed to analyzing my results, procedure and implementation of it. Below are the graphs that I have drawn up based upon the average times, and the markings. By analysing the above graph which is the graph for the Marble surface; we can notice at a glance that there is what resembles a straight line. With reference to my physics knowledge, I know that a straight line starting from the 0, and extending at an angle of approximately 46o, indicates uniform acceleration. We also know that a line graph which starts somewhere along the Y-axis, and extends diagonally towards the X-axis resembles uniform retardation. Looking at this graph, it resembles uniform acceleration, but as it is not a V-t graph, it actually resembles uniform retardation. We gather this logically because more time is consumed by the cube, and thats for it to reach the following point. If we look at it scientifically; we could observe that the Y-axis is a time scale, and the higher up we go the more time is consumed 9on the graph), and the X-axis resembles the checkpoints or marker-points , and as we go further eastwards, we cover a greater distance, and by covering greater di stances, force wears away, and as we have started with a pushing force that unbalanced the opposing force, as the force wears off; is consumed, the forces start to balance, until the force completely wears off, and the opposing force has little resistance and is greater than the pushing force, which causes it (the block of wood) to eventually stop, leading it to a state of uniform velocity where acceleration equals Zero. This therefore causes the time consumed to increase. This is because though the acceleration has stopped and returned to a uniform state in which it equals Zero; time is still ticking away, and consequently, more time is consumed! I then studied the above graph for some time, and found that it was exactly the same as the first one. It resembles the trend of uniform acceleration in a V-T graph, but since these graphs are not V-T, and are Distance X time, the observation is different. The graph resembles a straight line, curving towards the end which indicates that the block is slowing down. This proves my theory, yet it also shows us that the speed /acceleration of the block are decreasing, which means that the opposing force seems to balance the pushing force, eventually overpowering it, causing it to slow down until it eventually stops, reaching a state of uniform velocity which is equal to zero. After analyzing the results, I found that there was a slight stability in the results obtained in the repeats. I have also noticed that the recorded times for the blocks passage by each marker or checkpoint each time. There seems to be a pattern in the graph as the results when linked with each other, provide a straight line which is quite rare to obtain. Closer analysis showed that the first graph which was for the blocks sliding across a marble surface had a line which was straight all the way to the end, while the second graph which was for the sliding of the wooden block along a wooden surface starts off straight, but towards the end, curves upwards slightly. This incline indicates a sudden change in the balancing of the forces. And since the incline is upwards, this suggests that the pushing force has been out-powered by the opposing force. I believe the situation to be so because the upwards incline suggests the increase in time consumption, which indicates that the pushing force which started off quite powerful and slightly stronger than the opposing force, enabling it to reach this point. But the force has been worn off in the long journey, and eventually, the acceleration of the block starts to decrease which indicates retardation. This retardation results in a weakening of force, which causes the pushing force to weaken, con sequently, it is over-powered by the resisting/opposing force. This proves my theory as I have theoretically stated that: The rougher the surface, the higher the friction, and consequently, the more time is consumed for the block to reach the markers. While the smoother the surface, the less the friction, and consequently, the less time is consumed. With reference to my results, we can see that on the marble surface, the block of wood reached the 70cm marker, that is, with the force that was applied. While the block of wood did not exceed the 60cmmarker on the wooden surface. This suggests that there was a greater opposing force provided by the wooden surface than that which was provided by the Marble surface. Closer studying to the surface enabled me to gather that the marble surface was indeed slightly smoother than the wooden surface. Scientifically, I would say this because the marble is one smooth surface, but the wood consists of fibres (I saw this using a magnifying glass), which cause the block to, slow down. I also thought of looking at the base of the block (I have been catapulting it on the same side), I found it was slightly darker than the other faces (of the cube) and that there were some splinters of wood sticking out of it which were not there when I started. This shows that there was indeed friction and that there certainly was some heat produced. Also, the block was made of the same kind of wood as that of the surface, which could be the cause of the great friction. Its like when we push our two hands upon each other, and try to slide one of them, its quite hard! You will eventually succeed, but by that time, you will have exerted a lot of energy, and anyway, you are applying more force every second by your muscles, and thats to complete the task. But place your two hands the same two hands!) On an icy surface; they will slide pretty easily, and you will probably find a hard time trying to stop them. This is exactly the case, the wooden block is pulled tightly towards the wooden surface by gravity, and as the two surfaces are from the same material, they will stop after a short time. This is because they are of the same material, they are pulled close together by gravity, and the force applied is not renewed. While when we placed the block of wood on the marble surface, we succeeded in making it reach a farther marker than on the wood. This is mainly because the marble surface is quite smooth, (it resembles ice in a way), and has no fragments sticking out f it (splinters), this makes a pretty slippery surface for the block of wood. I have stated previously that gravity plays an important role in this investigation; I have stated that the pull of gravity on the surface and block, cause them to stick close to each other, which plays an important role as this increases the friction, and consequently affects the terminal velocity (speed) of the block. We also know that the mass (size/weight) of the block determines the size of the gravitational pull on the block. We also know that acceleration = Force X Mass. I have therefore decided to weigh the block using an automatic scale, and found that it weighed: 50grams. I have also referred to the following Formula: F1F2 Then movement is present in the direction of F1. F1=F2, Then there is no motion/movement. In this formula, F1 indicates the force applied, the pushing force, while F2 indicates the opposing force. The above graphs are both for the velocity of the block of wood on both of the surfaces. To find the velocity, I had to refer to a formula which linked the speed with the distance and the time; Velocity = Distance / time. With reference to this formula, I managed to calculate the velocity of the block of wood on each of the surfaces. By observing the first graph, which is for the marble surface, we notice that the curve is slightly off-line, which indicates a problem with the investigation. But overall, it represents a curved line which starts at a low speed, and gradually the velocity increases, reaching its maximum as 78cm at the 4th marker (40). It then starts to slow down, but gradually. Unfortunately, I could not apply any greater pushing force on the cube so as to gain more results by it reaching the 100cm marker, because it would then have been an unfair test. We therefore notice that the graph (line) does not extend to the Zero line, which it should have done theoretically. We then observe the second (or in this case the 4th) graph, which is for the velocity of the wooden block on the wooden surface. We notice that the line (curve) is somewhat smoother than the other. If we looked at it more closely, we notice that the left side of the curve is a straight line directly from the zero, (indicated by red dotted line). The line reaches its maximum at 80cm at the 4th marker (40). This means that both the surfaces do not have any dramatic effect upon the block of wood until the 4th marker. This is of course with the exception of the maximum velocity of both surfaces which depends upon the material itself. Looking past the 4th marker, we notice that the 1st graph (3rd) starts to go off-line slightly which could be an anomaly, or could be due to one of the problems I intend to identify in my evaluation. But then, the line goes off at a straight line at an angle of approximately 195o. That is of course with reference to the theory that the line shall stay straight until it reaches the 0 line, which indicates a non-velocity state. This means that the line would probably have had to reach a 200 marker. But of course, there seems to be an anomaly as the line is not 100%straight. On the 2nd graph (4th), we notice that the line, after the 4th marker, seems to incline downwards, towards the 0 line on the X-axis, though, it is slightly steeper than the first graph, as it seems to be inclining at an angle of approx. 200o. This indicates that the marble surface is a less frictional surface in comparison with the wooden surface. I have gathered this because the line of the wooden block after the 4th marker is steeper than the line for the marble surface which is after the 4th marker. This mean that if we were to observe the graphs theoretically, we would find that the line for the marble surface would cover a greater distance, approx. 200cm (2.00m), while the steepness of the line for the wooden surface indicates that it would touch the zero line (X-axis) sooner than the line for the marble surface, I believe that the line for the wooden block will cover approx. a distance of 150cm (1.5m). With reference to the above information, I gather that the wooden block shall cover a greater distance on the marble surface than on the wooden surface, provided that the force applied is sufficient enough to enable the block of wood to cover the distance assigned. This is of course due to the high friction of the wooden surface which exceeds the frictional force of thee marble surface noticeably. With respect to the above statements, there is one contradiction; the maximum speed covered by the block on the wooden surface exceeds the maximum speed covered by the same block on the marble surface. That is by several centimetres (the unit of measuring velocity in this assignment). I have tried to find a scientific explanation for this phenomenon which outlaws any of the conclusions I have reached, but I was unsuccessful. We therefore conclude that the block of wood moved more smoothly on the marble surface. This proves my theory which stated that; the rougher the surface, the higher the friction, and consequently, the more time is consumed for the block to reach the markers. While the smoother the surface, the less the friction, and consequently, the less time is consumed. I therefore gathered that the Rougher the surface, the more the opposing force, and consequently, the more friction and heat are produced. Yet, the smoother the surface, the less the opposing force, and the less the friction and heat resulted. This also proves my prediction which was based on the information I had gathered previously and which stated: I predict that the marble shall prove a very good surface close to ice which will enable the block to shoot across it like a bullet fired from a gun, this is because the marble surface is quite smooth, and also quite slippery, which indicates a low level of frequency. Yet, I predict t hat the 7mm thick carpet and the wooden surface shall prove to have very high friction, and thus, the block shall not be able to cover the complete distance of 1.00metres on that surface, especially with the force applied. This is of course with reference to the data stated above. We also gather that friction is the property that objects have which makes them resist being moved across one another. If two objects are placed one on top of the other, the top object can be lifted without any resistance except that of gravity. But if one object is pushed or pulled along the surface of the other, there is a resistance caused by friction. With reference to the information I have gathered; the value of the C.F depends on The type of surfaces moving against each other. This relates to what I have stated previously regarding the type of surface, and for which I have provided an example using the hands. I have concluded the above after referring to detailed scientific information and also after closely analysing the results and evidence I have obtained. I therefore believe that I have done what was asked of me and that I have performed the task I was assigned and have succeeded in proving my theory, prediction and procedure to be accurate, correct, and reliable. Also by referring to the second graph which is for the wooden surface; we notice that the straight line curves towards the end (upwards), which suggests a sudden change in the balancing of the pushing and the opposing forces. Scientifically, this suggests retardation, and the curve indicates that the block suddenly started to lose the force applied to it. It started off with uniform retardation, and then suddenly started to stop several seconds faster than when it had started. This means that the wooden surface is slightly rougher than the marble surface, and that it provides friction that is slightly more (higher) than that provided by the marble surface. I believe that this is what I was asked to prove. Below is a diagram showing the forces available in this investigation: I have performed this investigation to a good standard, and believe that the results I have obtained are good enough and are sufficient as they have enabled me to prove my theory, prediction and procedure. They have also enabled me to prove what was asked of me. I wish to annotate the procedure I have followed because though I have performed it to a good standard, there are still some flaws in it and I still believe that it could be performed at a standard that would be better, well, no body is perfect. After finishing my investigations, I found that the block was slightly darker than when I started, this indicates that the surface may well not have been clean. This indicates that there were dust particles available on the surface, and as dust particles are sharp (when observed under the microscope) and have rough edges, it is therefore believed that they would cause a big difference in my results as their rough surfaces interfere with my investigation. I believe this because as the wood block is sliding across the surface, I am investigating the effect that the surface itself has on the terminal velocity of the block. With the presence of sharp-edged dust particles in the middle (between the surface and the wooden block), more friction and heat are acquired through the dust particles, which slow down the block moderately. Therefore, if I was to perform this investigation once again, I intend to guarantee the cleanliness of the surface I am working on. Another thing was the presence of wooden splinters small, but seen, on both the wooden surface, and the side of the block I was working on. These splinters most certainly would have interfered with my investigation and results. I believe this because the splinters would be between the surface and the block, causing more friction, and therefore slowing down the block, thus affecting the acceleration of this block, and giving me inaccurate results. The next time, I intend to ensure that the surface lack any external effects which might alter my investigation, for the worst. Something else was that the marble was not just one straight block which would have been quite suitable for this particular investigation. In fact, it was a working bench, and it was made up of several tiles. (The tiles had a smooth surface without any drawing or grooves on). The small cracks between each tile might well have affected the velocity of the block; causing it to slow down before reaching the desired marker. This would have given me some false results and would have caused the time consumed to be several seconds more than what it actually should have been. If I was to perform this investigation another time, I would try my best to use one whole tile of marble instead of several tiles, and this should provide me with some results which are more reliable. I was using my naked eye to stop the watch once the block passed the marker, so I could possibly have stopped the watch before the block actually passed the marker, or I could have started the watch several tierces (1 hundredth of a second) after letting go of the rubber band, which means that the timing was not 100% accurate. If I was to perform this investigation again; I would use one of the following: A) Light gates, B) Interrupt Card, C) Or a ticker timer. Any of the above methods would provide me with some reliable results which would be more accurate than the results I have obtained. By observing Graph A; the graph for the marble surface, the result for the 40cm marker is slightly of the line, but as I said previously this could well be due to the dust particles which were on the surface, or could also be due to the splinters available on the faces of the wooden block. It could also be due to my method of timing, either way, if I was to perform the investigation another time, by altering the errors I have identified previously, I look forward to some results which are anomaly-free, and that also contain no errors. By observing Graph B; the graph for the wooden surface, we notice that the straight line curves towards the end, which suggests a sudden change in the balancing of the pushing and the opposing forces. Scientifically, this suggests retardation, and the curve indicates that the block suddenly started to lose the force applied to it. It started off with uniform retardation, and then suddenly started to stop several seconds faster than when it had started. This means that the wooden surface is slightly rougher than the marble surface, and that it provides friction that is slightly more (higher) than that provided by the marble surface. I believe that this is what I was asked to prove. We also notice that there is a semi-anomaly; the result fir the 30cm is slightly out of line, it is slightly lower than where it should be, this could be due to one of the external factors that I have stated previously, or it could be due to some other factor that I have been unable to identify using the tools available to us. I have tried my best to identify the factors which could have affected my investigation and consequently, my results. That is of course with the equipment provided to us. If there are any other factors which I have failed to identify, that would be because of the tools provided to us. Though, I doubt that there are any other factors that could be identified using other apparatus. Overall, I believe that I have performed this investigation to a good standard, and that I have succeeded in proving my theory and prediction. I also believe that I have done what was asked of me, and proved that frictional forces are surface dependant. I have proved it with reference to my knowledge, to external, advanced information, and also with reference to my investigation. Though I have performed this investigation to a fairly good standard, I believe that it could be better and that by performing this investigation again after altering the errors I have stated above, I would be able to provide sufficient evidence and proof which is undoubted and accurate by 99%. I say this because no matter how hard I try, the equipment provided to us are not that advanced, and therefore, there will always be better methods with results which are more accurate than what I have obtained. I have therefore performed this investigation as best as I could, and hope that the results and information I have gathered are sufficient.

English-LCS-In Civilization and Its Discontents, Freud argues that Essay

English-LCS-In Civilization and Its Discontents, Freud argues that above all things human beings seek happiness. However, according to Freud, there are a nu - Essay Example ee our enemy as people – as somebody’s father or son or brother or uncle.† (Williams) She was also forced to comply with a certain mode of order and has experienced the discrimination against women in the military. "Sometimes, even now, I wake up before dawn and forget I am not a slut.... The only other choice is bitch. If youre a woman and a soldier, those are the choices you get" she said. And yet she prefers it over the apathetic outside world. The gypsies in Fonseca’s book were severely illiterate harshly discriminated. They â€Å"were incarcerated with Jews †¦ The total number of gypsies brought into a ghetto was eleven dead and 4,996 living. Of those, 2,686 were children." Fonseca further narrates that as the gypsies â€Å"were marched, others joined our group, more Gypsies and more gendarmes. Some babies died along the way, and some would-be escapees were shot, left by the roadside. We were in a camp about two weeks with hardly any food. More people died as typhus broke out, and others were killed. The dead were thrown into a huge pit covered with quicklime. There were layers and layers of dead. We were herded into cattle cars." And yet they do not depart from their culture and traditions. And though they do want acceptance from our society, they do not fall head over heals to embrace our norms. They are happy as they are if we just leave them be. For the average Joe, it would seem that gypsies’ and William’s sense of happiness is beyond understanding. How can you be happy when you cannot even read, you do not belong and certain societies treat you as second class humans? How can you be happy living in a rigid community with strict rules that command you on every detail of your living? According to Freud, civilization is what "describes the whole sum of achievements and the regulations which distinguish our lives from those of our animal ancestors and which serve two purposes namely to protect men against nature and to adjust their mutual